Industry 4.0: Technologies and their impact on productivity of industrial companies

INTRODUCTION

The concept of the fourth industrial rev­olution (4.0 Industry) was first formulated as the introduction of cyber-physical systems into factory processes (Hannover, 2011). It is as­sumed that these systems will be integrated into one network, communicate with each other in real time, self-adjust and Ieam new behavior models. These networks will be able to build production with fewer mistakes, interact with the produced goods and, if necessary, adapt to the new needs of consumers [Trachuk A. V., Linder N.V., 2017a], For example, during the release process, the product itself will deter­mine the equipment capable to produce it. It is assumed that all this process will be completely autonomous without human participation. Ger­man industrialists formulated the concept of 4.0 Industry and presented it to the government. If s bases are formed of four principles:

• compatible functionality of a human and machine that provides the ability to contact directly through the Internet;
• information transparency and the systems' ability to create a virtual copy of physical world;
• machines' technical assistance to human for combining large data amounts and performing a number of unsafe tasks to people;
• the ability of systems to make decisions independently and autonomously [ipi 4.0, [s.a.]].

The term formulates an understanding of changes that are in process and, therefore, it is conceptual, it creates the foundation for a number of political ini­tiatives developed and supported by the government and business for the development of the research and development program, and therefore proves to be institutional [Policy department A, 2016].

Another momentous event in the history of 4.0 Industry con­cept was the World Economic Forum (Davos, 2016). Klaus Martin Schwab, the founder and chairman of the forum, described what is happening in the economy as the fourth industrial revolution (4.0 Industry) and described its place in economic history as follows: «The first industrial revolution began in the second half of the eighteenth century, when it became possible to switch from manu­al labor to machine by means of water and steam. The second was characterized by the development of mass conveyor production, connected with electricity development. We live in the era of the third industrial (digital) revolution that began in the second half of the last century with the creation of digital computers and the subsequent evolution of information technology. Today, it is grad­ually transforming into the fourth industrial revolution, character­ized by merging of technologies and the blurring of lines between physical, digital and biological worlds» [ SchwabK., 2016].

Since the concept appeared, many scientists have become in­terested in it, they have gone deeper into studying of new industry aspects. Also critics point out that there is no revolution in the classical sense, that current changes are nothing more than deep­ened automation, and the term itself is just a trend name (Policy - department A, 2016).

In order to apply this concept to the Russian realities and for­mulate specific initiatives for the industry development, it is nec­essary to answer the following questions:

• Where does the third industrial revolution end and the fourth begins?
• What are the distinguishing features and elements of 4.0 Industry?
• What changes industries and enterprises should expect?

4.0 INDUSTRY CONCEPT: CONCEPT AND MAIN ATTRIBUTES

To answer the question of where the third industrial revolution ends and the fourth one begins we need clearly define the bound­aries of «4.0 Industry». The concept has been intensively devel­oped over the past few years, and now it is possible, basing on number of researches to study the required attributes and key tech­nologies of «4.0 Industry». The table contains some definitions.

From previous revolutions, 4.0 Industry is distinguished by the following required characteristic:

• digitalization and vertical integration on the value chain. «4.0 Industry» provides digitalization and integration of vertical processes throughout the organization, from product development and procurement to production, logistics and service. AU data on operational processes, their efficiency, quality management and operational planning are available in real time in a single information space, optimized for different platforms [Bauer H., Patel M., Veira J., 2016; TrachukA.V., 2014].
• digitalization and horizontal integration of several value chains. Florizontal integration goes beyond the scope of one enterprise and covers suppliers, consumers and all key partners through the value chain. Integrated planning tools are used, they take into account incoming parameters from partners (shifts in delivery times, changes in production volumes, etc.), which makes it possible to promptly adjust plans [Geissbauer R., Schrauf S., Koch V. et al., 2014; Trachuk AV, Lmder NV, 2016 a],
• digitalization of products and services. Digitalization of goods involves the addition of existing products with intelligent sensors or communication devices that are compatible with data analysis tools. Thanks to the introduction of new methods of analytics, companies have the opportunity to obtain data on product usage of and to refine these products in accordance with the new requirements of end users [Bauer H., Patel M., Veira J., 2016; Trachuk A. V., Linder N. V., Ubeiko N.V., 2017].
• digital business models and customer access. Leading industry companies are also expanding the range of provided services, offering revolutionary digital solutions such as complex personalized data services and integrated platforms [Geissbauer R., Schrauf S., Koch V. et al., 2014; Trachuk AV, Linder NV, Antonov DA, 2014].
• new digital business models are usually aiming to obtaine additional revenue from digital solutions, optimizing customer interaction and improving customer access. Digital products and services are often designed to serve customers by providing them with integrated solutions in a separate digital ecosystem [Industry 4.0, 2016].
• developed technological platform. Enterprises use high-tech machinery and equipment, information and communication solutions and cyberphysical systems that provide digitalization and integration. Without developed technologies it is problematic to implement all the previous attributes from a practical point of view [Geissbauer R., Schrauf S., Koch V. et al., 2014; Linder NV, Arsenova EV, 2016; TrachukAV., 2013].

КЕУ TECHNOLOGIES

Technologies are the basis of «Industry 4.0»; without them the transformation of industrial production is impossible [Tra- chuk A.V., Linder N. V, 2017b], Some of the key technologies are being actively introduced, while some are still undergoing preliminary tests in research centers, but their effectiveness has already been reliably proven by the practice of application.

Analysis of large data. Goals of application: improving the quality of products, saving energy and improving the order of equipment maintenance. For effective application, it is important to integrate data from several information systems, including production management, resource accounting, customer relation­ship management, etc.

Autonomous robots. Modem robots are tuned and designed to interact with each other and with employees, independently Ieam and optimize their own operations. For example, Kuka Company creates autonomous robots that can modify and correct their actions depending on the next product on a line. Sensors and control panels allow them to interact with a person. ABB launches a YuMi robot with two manipulators designed to assem­ble products (for example, consumer electronics). Manipulators and computer vision allow robots to interact safely with people and recognize the details.

Simulation (modeling). Virtual modeling of products, ma­terials and processes is already being applied at the engineering development stage; in the future, its application will expand to simulate a full cycle of operational and production processes. These models will extract real-time data to create a virtual copy of real production involving machines, products, and employees. This will allow operators to test and optimize the equipment set­tings for the next product on the line using a virtual model, be­fore making the change directly on the physical production. As an example, Tecnomatix from Siemens PLM Software is a soft­ware product family designed to automate the problem solving in production preparation and optimization from the company Sie­mens PLM Software. The family includes products for process­es simulation in three-dimensional space, simulation modeling, programming of industrial robots in offline mode, virtual com­missioning of lines and analysis of collection taking into account dimensional deviations.

Integration of IT systems. In many companies, in Russia as well, information systems are not integrated or partially inte­grated. Also, it is extremely rare for manufacturers, suppliers and customers to integrate. 4.0 Industry suggests that functional units within a single company and entire companies form a common universal information space in order to automate several value chains. For example, Dassault Systemes and Boost AeroSpace launched a single platform for the interaction of participants in the European space and defense industries. The AirDesign plat­form is a mutual working space for design and cooperation in air­craft creation. The platform is available as a service in a private «cloud» information space. The platform allows several partners to manage production processes and exchange data.

Industrial Internet of things. Currently, only some equip­ment in production uses inter-machine connection (Μ2Μ) and uses built-in computing power. The industrial Internet of things involves equipping the built-in sensors with an increasing num­ber of production facilities and even uncompleted products. This will allow large volumes of data to be transferred both between machines and centralized control systems, decentralize analyti­cal systems and make decisions, providing real-time operation. BoschRexroth has equipped the valve manufacturing equipment (and the valves themselves) with special RFID tags (Radio Fre­quency IDentification, RFID), so that the working equipment could «understand» what steps to implement and how to adapt each individual operation.

Cyber-security. In management and production, many com­panies still rely on IT solutions that are closed and not connected to the outside world. With the increase in connections and the use of standard connection protocols, which 4.0 Industry assumes, the need to protect key production systems and lines from cy­ber-threats becomes evident. Therefore, secure connections and reliable approaches to managing systems access are an indispen­sable condition for the development of corporate information systems.

Cloud computing. Many companies already use software and analysis systems based on cloud platforms. 4.0 Industry as­sumes an increase in data exchange flows that go beyond the lim­its of a single company. The computing power of cloud platforms is also growing. In the future, production monitoring and control systems, possibly, will switch to cloud platforms.

Additive production (3D-printing). Companies gradually start using additive production tools, for example 3D printing. Now the main area of application is prototyping and individu­al components creation. In the 4.0 Industry, additive production tools can be applied more widely, for example to manufacture small quantities of customized products.

Augmented reality. The augmented reality systems optimize work in the warehouse and the selection of components; direct the instructions to mobile devices of the production workers during the equipment repair by referral. During 4.0 Industry, the scope of their application will be expanded to simplify work of production personnel and provide support for decision-making.

For example, with the help of virtual reality glasses, repair instructions (the order of replacement of individual parts) will be projected in real time directly to specific production equipment. The employee will receive a hint that is the order of this or that detail replacement.

Siemens has developed a virtual training module for its Co- mos software. With the help of the 3D model and the augmented reality glasses, the module helps people to cope with emergency situations in the virtual simulation mode. In this virtual world, operators learn to interact with equipment with a digital presenta­tion, change equipment parameters, and display operating indica­tors and instructions for repair.

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The set of technologies that ensure interaction between the virtual and physical world is called cyber-physical systems (Fig. I). For the industry, term «cyber-physical production systems» is used [TheFactory, 2016]. IBM identifies cyber-physical sys­tems as systems in which the computational elements interact with sensors that monitor the cyber physical indicators, and with the executive elements that make changes to the cyber-physical environment. Often, cyber-physical systems are focused on how to manage the environment in some way. Cyber-physical sys­tems integrate information from intelligent sensors distributed in a physical environment, in order to understand better the environ­ment and perform more precise actions. In the physical context, the executive elements, based on the received data, make chang­es to the user's environment. In a virtual context, cyber-physical systems are used to collect data about virtual actions of users, equipment and machines [Zanni A., 2015].

Modem technologies are in the process of continuous development, and enterprises of different industries give priority to the development of different technologies, therefore the above list is not exhaustive. It also includes quantum computers, nanotechnologies, composite materials, etc. AU of them are important drivers for the development of modem industry.

4.0 INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGIES AND THE PERFORMANCE OF INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES

The introduction of any automation means, including 4.0 In­dustry technologies, is justifiable if it gives an economic effect in comparison with the accepted forms of production and business processes [TrachukA. V., Linder N. V., 2017c], The practice of a number of companies shows that the complex of tools of the fourth industrial revolution allows achieving economically sig­nificant results. For example, Nova Chemicals (Canada) had to process more than 20,000 maintenance orders per year in each of the 11 chemical and plastics workshops. To improve service planning, the company implemented advanced analytics and cloud computing systems in collaboration with SAP. Today, SAP EAM (Enterprise Asset Management) is a complete picture of the technical maintenance in NovaChemicals. It improves the pro­cesses of planning, performance of work and provision of ma­terial resources. AU key stakeholders can access the information available in the system. For example, business users can receive a daily and weekly report on planned work, priorities, required resources, possible conflicts in maintenance schedules, and cur­rent progress in their implementation. The results of improved coordination and integration of maintenance planning are very noticeable:

• the number of unplanned outages of equipment has been significantly reduced;
• the time spent on reactive, emergency work was reduced by 47%;
• the time spent on proactive, preventive care increased by 61%;
• compliance with the service schedule, including pilot pro­jects, improved by 22% during the year.

Concern Siemens AG (Germany) has developed a digital copy of one of its plants by collecting data from sensors on equip­ment. This initiative allowed to reduce the time for setting up the equipment by an average of 80%.

These improvements in production significantly affect the financial performance of companies. The main effects resulting from the transformation of a number of industries both in foreign companies and in Russian companies are shown in Fig. 2.

TRENDS IN THE MARKETS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE 4.0 INDUSTRY

Investments growth and new technologies. 4.0 Industry implies a significant increase in investment in fixed assets and intangible assets. This can be seen if you allocate investments in the described technology 14.0. Fig. 3 shows the total investment of Germany [Floffmann R., 2016], which in 2011 marked the pri­ority of the country's technological development.

Growth in the number of mergers and acquisitions and strategic alliances. As modem technologies develop at a phe­nomenal pace, companies do not have time to develop all the necessary competencies on their own. In the industrial sector, there is a trend towards an increase in the number of mergers and acquisitions (Figure 4) [Technology, [s.a.]].

GROWTH OFTHE DECISION MARKET FOR AUTOMATION SALES

An obvious consequence is the growth of markets and sales volumes of all the supporting technologies, which proves the dynamic development of 4.0 Industry. Fig. 5 shows the dynamics of growth in the volumes of the automation market [Global factory automation market, 2017]. Almost all sectors that create technologies in Industry 4.0 have demonstrated significant growth. Aparticular example is the dynamics of sales of industrial robots [Worldwide sales, 2017] (Figure 6). These and other trends largely shape the future of the industry, they should be taken into account both by the state and business. In addition, these trends indicate the growth of a number of markets, which creates new opportunities for companies seeking to find their niches.

NEW MODELS OF FACTORIES

In the long term, Industry 4.0 will not only affect existing plants, increasing their operational efficiency through the use of breakthrough technologies, but will also lead to the formation of the next generation of organizational and technical models of plants.

Today, three main models are formed depending on the approach to meeting the demand [Industry 4.0: Howtonavigate, 2015] (Fig. 7).

«Smart» automated plants are aimed at mass production of products with a low cost price.

Key technologies: a full range of technologies in Industry 4.0 is applied throughout the entire production chain.

Case. Plant i3 (BMW, Leipzig) demonstrates a high degree of integration and digitization. Robots are used at every stage of production, including in the body, paint and assembly shops. The movement of products along the production chain is monitored in real time using radio frequency tags (RFID). Factory operators use mobile devices (tablets) to monitor production systems and process data. The management function is centralized in the head unit of employees who make managerial decisions, which act as a kind of «central nervous system» of the factory.

Customer-oriented factories tend to react quickly to market changes and suggest creating a personalized offer for the client in significant quantities at an affordable price.

Key technologies:

• design applications that allow customers to design their own products for their own needs and, thus, to set requirements for the factory;
• systems for forecasting demand fluctuations with maximum accuracy based on large data;
• 3D-scanners;
• applications for 3D modeling and design;
• 3D printers with high performance.

Case. In 2016, the manufacturer of sportswear, shoes and ac­cessories UnderArmour (USA) opened the Lighthouse, a factory engaged in design and production of sportswear. Technologies are used that are aimed at providing maximum capacity:

• 3D design and body scanning for fixing physical features of the body structure of athletes for the development of the most comfortable clothing and shoes;
• 3D printing and rapid prototyping to transform the obtained three-dimensional models into real samples of goods, use of five-axis processing machines;
• pilot lines for the production of clothing and footwear for approbation in industrial production.

Mobile factories are aimed at niche and territorially remote markets. They have relatively small production volumes, low capital costs and high mobility. Such plants produce a limited range of products, but can be deployed and the production capac­ity in a short time.

Key technologies:

• modular production lines that can be quickly delivered, assembled and connected;
• quickly connectable and configurable assembly robots;
• 3D printers for the production of individual parts;
• flexible logistics systems.

Case. KUBio is a modular factory for the production of mon­oclonal antibodies (General Electric Healthcare). Pre-prepared modules and process equipment are transported to the selected site, where the plant is assembled from the modules for 14-18 months. Thus, drug manufacturers can quickly satisfy local de­mand for certain drugs. KUBio reduces operating costs for plant deployment and the timing of product launch, allowing compet­itors to overtake.

CONCLUSION

In the article various definitions of the term «4.0 Industry», which has been used for more than 10 years to describe modem innovative approaches to the organization of production. In spite of the variety of interpretations, the term is well established, because according to the results of the analysis of sources, indications of 4.0 Industry were identified, with which according to most experts.

Since modem technologies are based on modem technology, a short list of key technologies that provide the realization of the «4.0 Industry» concept in practice is formed, the directions of their use are given. The driver of production transformation is the desire to increase the efficiency and productivity of the enterprise, as demonstrated by the interconnection «application of technology - the effect on production - the impact on financial results.»

Of course, any large-scale transformation of entire sectors of the economy has a significant impact on the associated markets, which is illustrated by a brief overview of the dynamics of sales of industrial robots, automation solutions, growth of transactions in M & A markets, and growth in investments.

For further scientific research, approaches to the organization of new plants are an interesting direction. The article considers three perspective models of plants that provide technologies and examples of their use in specific companies. Nevertheless, the information given about the factories is related to the top level, primarily because detailed information about business processes, effects, production statistics is closed and for understandable reasons, leading companies do not distribute it. So, in the future it would be interesting to conduct an in-depth analysis of concrete cases of digital transformation of productions with subsequent generalization of the results obtained.