In an unstable economic environment, the problem of financing real sector enterprises in Russia is particularly relevant (Trachuk, 2014; Trachuk, Linder, 2016).

Maintenance of investment activity of actors of real sector of economy and effective distribution of factors of production is closely connected with development of financial sector which stimulates economic growth. At the same time, the excessive depth of the financial sector development can be a factor of financial and, subsequently, macroeconomic destabilization, as it is associated with the risks of forming "financial bubbles" and the decline in the stability of the financial system. The consequences of the global financial crisis, among other things, set a new research task to determine the optimal depth of development of the financial sector, which would contribute to economic growth and maintain macroeconomic stability.

The report of the Bank of Russia (Report, 2018) provides an overview of the existing empirical research in the country-level perspective (Bezemer, Grydaki, Zhang, 2014), which does not give a clear answer to the effectiveness of the expansion of bank lending in terms of economic growth. According to the data of the several dozen of countries for a decade, there is a strong positive relationship of credit flows (bank lending rates) and the GDP, there is no significant positive influence of the aggregate volume of credit to non-financial entities on the GDP growth (Bezemer, Grydaki, Zhang, 2014). The correlations between lending and GDP growth were positive until the late 1990s, after which the relationship visibly weakened or disappeared, largely due to the inclusion of the global financial crisis into the study period (Levine, 2005).

According to several empirical studies (Arcand, Berkes, Panizza, 2012; Cecchetti, Kharroubi, 2012; Shen, Lee, 2006), it is possible to determine the threshold requirement of the ratio of loans to GDP, the excess of which affects economic growth negatively (too much finance effect). After the volume of bank lending reaches 80-100% of gross domestic product, the subsequent deepening of lending ceases to contribute the acceleration of economic growth in the long term and leads to a slowdown, as well as to an increase in the volatility of economic growth (Easterly, Islam, Stiglitz, 2000). The task of determining the optimum in the development of the financial sector does not have a universal solution, since the latter has significant country differences and historical features.

Since 2008, the banking sector has been increasingly exposed to negative phenomena and risks associated with the peculiarities of the formation of the Russian banking sector from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. For example, the peculiar captivity implies the bank's dependence on operations with the beneficiary and/or on its decisions concerning the bank's activity, such dependence can significantly affect financial stability. Banks financed projects of their owners, for example, in the form of creation or modernization of production complexes, participation in import substitution programs, and this led to a high concentration of credit risks. The involvement of banks in individual financial projects implemented by their owners, the inadequate evaluation of such projects and the absence of assets diversification were often the reasons for the banks bankruptcy and the cessation of industrial projects financing, which in turn led to the bankruptcy of the real sector.

The relation of the actual beneficiaries of the banks and funded enterprises was often hidden as a sign of financial fragility in the form of a circuit implementation of transactions, which allowed to demonstrate the compliance of prudential norms. The discovery by the Bank of Russia of such phenomena in the activities of banks required the introduction of appropriate legislative changes in the system of banking regulation.

The increase in the number of credit institutions, the main activity of which was to finance the owners' projects at the expense of borrowed funds, was the result of the "overheating" of the Russian banking sector, which has obvious negative consequences for the real sector of the economy. If the negative consequence for the credit institution is the concentration of credit risk and the absence of assets diversification, the enterprise becomes completely dependent on the credit institution, if the main and sometimes the only financing sources of enterprise economic activity are bank loans of the credit institution.

Since the fourth quarter of 2013, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation has been systematically improving the banking sector. As a result, the number of operating banks decreased more than twice — from 1092 at the beginning of 2008 to 517 banks at the end of 2017.

We compared the events that took place during the conditionally defined "overheating" of the Russian banking sector, and the events of the global financial crisis of 2008- 2009 (table. I). The prerequisites for the global financial crisis were the "bubble" in the mortgage market in the United States and the subsequent inseparable economic interdependence of the subjects of the formed market as a result of the transformation of a standard banking product (mortgage loan) into a security (derivative financial instrument).

Taking into account the results of the above empirical studies, revealed similar signs indicate that the deepening of the financial sector/lending in the absence of adequate regulatory base, including in terms of monitoring of banking operations and abuse by market participants, has a negative impact on the activities of all economic actors.

Fig. I presents data on the number of companies recognized by arbitration courts as insolvent (bankrupt) from 2007 to 2017, when the Russian banking sector underwent significant transformation changes. As noted above, the transition to the recovery of the banking sector, conducted by the Bank of Russia on a systematic basis, began in the fourth quarter of 2013. Dynamics of bankruptcy of industrial sector companies (Unified state register) (Fig. 2) indicates that the growth in the number of bankrupt companies coincided with the growth in the number of banks whose licenses were revoked by the Bank of Russia (Reference book on credit institutions) (Fig. 3).

Based on the data of the Central Bankof the RussianFederation (Results, 2018), we studied the activities of 10 credit institutions, whose licenses were revoked from 2014 to 2016. [Reference book on credit institutions]. These credit institutions have been operating in the market since the first half of the 1990s, mainly engaged in corporate lending. The largest share of assets were loans to legal entities and to a lesser extent to individuals. The reason for such a measure was the failure to comply with Federal laws regulating banking activities and regulations of the Bank of Russia, the value of the adequacy ratio of own funds (capital) below 2 %, the reduction in the amount of own funds (capital) below the minimum value of the authorized capital established on the date of state registration of the Bank, repeated application within one year of measures provided by law (Federal law, 2002).

An integral part of the overall corporate development strategy is the financial strategy: ways to attract financial resources, the formation of a centralized financial Fund and its further distribution according to the needs of the enterprise. In turn, one of the directions of the financial strategy of an economic entity is to attract sources of financing in the form of bank loans.

The analysis of financial and economic activity of the companies is carried out on the basis of data of accounting (financial) statements of legal entities (Federal state statistics service; The unified Federal register]) and media data. The gradual deterioration of key financial indicators was revealed:

The debt burden is related to the capital structure, which is the ratio between equity capital and debt. Determination of the optimal capital structure and factors influencing the decision-making on the capital structure is considered in detail in the scientific literature. A significant leverage increases financial stability risks and can have a limiting impact on the company's development.

Tabulation 2

Interrelation of global financial crises, as well as complex economic conditions and dynamics of bankruptcy

Stage 1 (March 2014 — March 2015) Stage 2 (April 2015 — October 2015) Stage 3 (November 2015 — December 2016) Stage 4 (January 2017 — December 2017)   Factors (drivers)   Closure of external financial markets. Exchange rate volatility growth Increase in interest rates (due to the increase in the key rate of the Central Bank) Deterioration of refinancing conditions for companies Exchange rate volatility Reduction of interest rates (due to reduction of the key rate of the Central Bank) Improvement of refinancing conditions for companies Stagnation of fixed capital investment Slow recovery of investment demand   Period of stability in interest rates Period of stability in interest rates Policy of conservative reduction of the key rate Policy of conservative reduction of the key rate Policy of conservative reduction of the key rate   Decline of enterprises profitability Reduction in aggregate demand   Increase in enterprises profitability Reduction in aggregate demand   Increase in enterprises profitability Protracted decline in real disposable income       Stagnation of solvent consumer demand     Effect   Growing number of bankruptcies in the economy Decrease in the bankruptcies intensity Stabilization of the intensity of bankruptcies, but above the pre­crisis level The rise of a new wave of bankruptcies: return to crisis values  

In addition, it is possible to identify the main drivers of enterprises bankruptcy associated with financial factors (marked in color in the table. 2), especially in the period of the greatest number of bankruptcies, which also indicates a significant interdependence of the financial and real sectors of the economy (Rybalka, Salnikov, 2018). The increase in the number of bankruptcies coincides with the onset of crisis phenomena in the global and national markets (stages I and 4).

With the aim of exploring the expectations of the enterprises for 2018 and the planned increase in the output, the Bank of Russia conducted a survey of producers of industrial and agricultural products (236 respondents):

The Russian banking sector is characterized by captivity, which is often expressed in lending to individual projects of the bank's owners in the real sector of the economy (industry) without proper assessment of the quality of financed projects and entails corresponding negative consequences for both parties. Given the mutual dependence of credit institutions and enterprises of the real (industrial) sector of the economy, the bankruptcy of the former may entail the bankruptcy of the latter and vice versa.

The debt burden of companies has a negative impact on the dynamics of investment activity in crisis and post-crisis periods. The main systemic risks of the banking sector are associated with the deterioration of the solvency of borrowers and the threat of accumulation of assets of inadequate quality, the accumulation of credit risks negatively affects the stability of the banking system.

Also, the systematic influence of the Bank of Russia on the management of lending to industrial enterprises is studied, which in turn has an impact on economic growth and development of the banking sector, the stability of which reflects the state of the national economy.

Thus, there is a whole range of financial factors that influence the management of industrial enterprises development from the point of view of sustainable and stable functioning in difficult economic conditions, which is a particularly urgent research task at the present time.