ecrStrategic decisions and risk managementСтратегические решения и риск-менеджмент2618-947X2618-9984Real Economy Publishing House10.17747/2618-947X-2022-3-255-266ecr-1009Research ArticleСтатьиFORMATION OF A STRATEGY AND MECHANISM OF INTERACTION BETWEEN PARTICIPANTS OF DIGITAL PLATFORMSФОРМИРОВАНИЕ СТРАТЕГИИ И МЕХАНИЗМА ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ УЧАСТНИКОВ ЦИФРОВЫХ ПЛАТФОРМhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4403-3800КузнецоваМ. О.KuznetsovaM. O.

Кандидат экономических наук, старший научный сотрудник департамента менеджмента и инноваций факультета «Высшая школа управления», Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации (Москва, Россия). https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4403-3800. Область научных интересов: стратегическая устойчивость, риск-менеджмент, стратегический менеджмент.

Candidate of economic sciences, senior research scientist of Department of Management and Innovation, Faculty «Higher School of Management», Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation (Moscow, Russia). https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4403-3800. Research interests: strategic sustainability, risk management, strategic management.

MOKuznetsova@fa.ruФинансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации (Москва, Россия)РоссияFinancial University under the Government of the Russian Federation (Moscow, Russia)Russian Federation202221102022133255266Copyright © Kuznetsova M.O., 20222022Кузнецова М.О.Kuznetsova M.O.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.jsdrm.ru/jour/article/view/1009

The article reviewed the literature in the framework of the study of digital platforms. The main types of digital platforms were considered: instrumental, infrastructural and applied. Within the framework of three types of digital platforms, the features of the of interaction mechanism between their participants are considered.

A study was also conducted in terms of determining the levels of interaction between participants of digital platforms within the framework of social, managerial, economic and technological activities. It was revealed that, in general, within the framework of digital platforms, their participants are characterized by a high level of relationships.

At the same time, the article conducted a study to determine the role of each participant in the development of their interaction within digital platforms of instrumental, infrastructural and applied types. It is revealed that the development of relationships between participants of digital platforms is influenced by the integration of all participants providing a synergistic effect.

В статье проведен обзор литературы в рамках исследования цифровых платформ. Рассмотрены основные типы цифровых платформ: инструментальные, инфраструктурные и прикладные. В рамках трех типов цифровых платформ отмечены особенности механизма взаимодействия их участников.

Также проведено исследование в части определения уровней взаимоотношений участников цифровых платформ в рамках социальных, управленческих, экономических и технологических направлений деятельности. Выявлено, что в целом в рамках цифровых платформ для их участников характерен высокий уровень взаимоотношений.

Также в статье исследовались роли каждого участника и их взаимодействие в рамках цифровых платформ инструментального, инфраструктурного и прикладного типов. Выявлено, что на развитие взаимоотношений участников цифровых платформ влияет интеграция всех участников, обеспечивающая синергетический эффект.

цифровые платформыучастники цифровых платформмеханизм взаимодействия участниковвзаимоотношения участников цифровых платформроли участников цифровых платформdigital platformsparticipants of digital platformsthe mechanism of interaction of participantsthe relationship of participants of digital platformsthe roles of participants of digital platformsВведение

In the modern world, there is an active change in the architecture of markets, a transition to platform technologies is underway, which is the main trend of the fourth industrial revolution. The main characteristic criteria of digital platforms are [Digital platforms.., 2018; Rohn et al., 2021]:

– algorithmisation of interaction between participants on digital platforms;

– mutually beneficial relations of all participants on digital platforms;

– a significant number of participants operating on digital platforms;

– ensuring a unified information environment for the effective functioning of digital platforms;

– reduction of transaction costs in the implementation of the interaction of various participants on digital platforms.

An important role in shaping the effective functioning of digital platforms is played by the participants, and the relationships built between them within a digital platform. This article discusses the mechanism of interaction between participants on digital platforms within three types of digital platforms.

Let us consider the existing relationship management strategies in industrial companies.

There are several groups of strategies for managing a company's relationship with partners [Kushch, Smirnova, 2007]:

Groups of supplier relationship management strategies are presented in detail in Table 1.

At the same time, customer relationship management strategies also have their own classification (Table 2).

There are also integrated models for managing relationships between partner companies (Table 3).

Next, the main participants and their relationships within various types of digital platforms will be considered.

PJSC Rostelecom in the report gives the following definition of a digital platform: a digital platform is a system of algorithmic mutually beneficial relations between a significant number of independent participants in an industry (or field of activity) carried out in a single information environment, leading to a reduction in transaction costs through the use of digital technology package for working with data and changing the division of labor system [Digital Platforms.., 2018].

There are several types of digital platforms, which are presented in Table 4.

It should be noted that instrumental digital platforms make it possible to reduce the cost of developing software and hardware-software solutions. Infrastructural and applied digital platforms are aimed at reducing transaction costs [Digital platforms.., 2018].

The work of instrumental digital platforms is based on the interaction of three groups of participants: platform developers, solution developers and users. Fig. 1 and Table 5 show the features of the mechanism of interaction between the participants of the instrumental digital platform.

It should be noted that all participants of the instrumental digital platform play significant roles in the formation of effective relationships and ensuring the functioning of the digital platform. The mechanism of the instrumental digital platform is built on the synergistic principle of interaction between participants to form software solutions for users of the instrumental digital platform [Kushch, Smirnova, 2007; Galagan, 2019; Digital marketplace.., 2022; Ratten, 2022; Xie et al., 2022].

The functioning of infrastructure digital platforms is based on the interaction of five groups of participants: platform developers, platform operators, information providers, users of IT services, developers of IT services. Fig. 2 and Table 6 show the features of the interaction mechanism for participants in the infrastructure digital platform.

It should be noted that in the infrastructure digital platform, the functions and roles of participants are similar to the functions and roles of participants in the instrumental type of digital platforms: for example, developers of a digital platform must ensure a unified technological system of the digital platform and the effective functioning of the platform. However, the infrastructure digital platform, unlike the instrumental platform, provides consumers in various sectors of the economy with solutions to automate their activities based on end-to-end digital technologies for working with data and access to data sources that are implemented in the ecosystem infrastructure. At the same time, infrastructural digital platforms make it possible to provide services for legal entities in various sectors of the economy [Digital platforms.., 2018; Galagan, 2019; Wagner et al., 2021; Choosing a Transformational Solution, 2022; Liu et al., 2022; Approaches to the definition.., b.g.].

The work of applied digital platforms is based on the interaction of four groups of participants: suppliers of goods and services, platform operator, consumers, regulators. Features of the interaction mechanism of applied digital platforms are shown in Fig. 3 and in Table 7.

The mechanism of applied digital platforms allows for the exchange of values between a significant number of sellers and buyers. The ability to exchange value is the main distinguishing feature of applied digital platforms from others [Stecken et al., 2019; Cozzolino et al., 2021; Approaches to the definition.., no date.].

Thus, the proposed mechanisms for building digital platforms will allow to:

As part of this work, a study was conducted to identify various aspects in the relationship between participants on digital platforms. The study was conducted on the basis of the methodology presented in the scientific report by S. Kushch and M. Smirnova "The mechanism for coordinating the processes of managing the company's relationship with partners" [Kushch, Smirnova, 2007]. In their study, they considered the most important characteristics of the mechanism of dual relationships "consumer - key supplier" in the following areas of relationship analysis: social, economic, managerial and technological. The author of this work considered the same aspects but within the framework of the interaction mechanism between participants on digital platforms.

The study was conducted in two stages: conducting a survey of experts to determine the level of relationship between participants on digital platforms; processing of received information. Let us consider each stage of the study in more detail.

At the first stage of the study, a survey of 91 industrial companies was conducted. The main criterion for selecting companies was their consent to participate in a study to determine the level of relationships between participants in digital platforms. Table 8 provides a description of a sample of industrial companies.

The experts were asked to assess the level of the relationship between the participants of digital platforms by determining the level of each of the four areas (Table 9). It is important to note that if the aspects of the line are low, this does not mean that the level of relationships between participants in digital platforms is low. For example, in order to state that the level of relations between participants on digital platforms within the framework of an economic line is high, it is necessary to have a low level of aspects of this line (that is, a low level of costs and investments).

At the second stage of the study, the information obtained during the survey of experts was processed; the results of the study are presented in Fig. 4.

Social direction. As part of the functioning of digital platforms, most experts note a fairly high level of relationships according to the social direction. According to experts, such social aspects as cooperation, flexibility, willingness to adapt, trust, conflict management are at a high level. The use of power is noted as a low-level social aspect, since the functioning of digital platforms makes it possible to increase the transparency of work and improve monitoring of relationships and communications between participants on a digital platform, which makes it possible to ensure work according to uniform rules and standards for all participants [Kushch, Smirnova, 2007; Silva et al., 2021].

Management direction. According to the interviewed experts, digital platforms allow to build a high level of relationships in the management area. This is confirmed by the fact that the planning of relationships and communications, the distribution of responsibility between all participants on the digital platform, the exchange of information, and the monitoring of relationships are built at a high level due to the introduction of a digital platform at an industrial enterprise [Kushch, Smirnova, 2007; Silva et al., 2021].

Economic direction. The introduction of digital platforms in industrial enterprises can significantly reduce costs, which is confirmed by the results of the survey. The costs of maintaining relationships, the costs of terminating relationships and investments are reduced due to the operation of the digital platform, which confirms the high level of relationships in the field of economic direction [Kushch, Smirnova, 2007; Silva et al., 2021].

Technological direction. The relationship of participants within the technological aspect is also at a high level due to the introduction of digital platforms; it is confirmed by experts. Adaptation of products, technologies and business processes is recognised as being at a high level [Kushch, Smirnova, 2007; Silva et al., 2021].

The article also conducted a study to determine the role of each participant in the development of their interaction within three types of digital platforms. The study was based on the methodology presented in the already mentioned report [Kushch, Smirnova, 2007]. This study was conducted in two stages: conducting a survey of experts to identify the preferences of industrial companies in terms of the roles of participants in digital platforms in the development of their interaction; processing the information received from the results of the survey. Let's consider each stage of the study in more detail.

At the first stage, a survey of 91 industrial companies was conducted (Table 8). In the questionnaires, it was proposed to determine the role of each participant in the development of interaction between instrumental, infrastructure and applied digital platforms. As the roles of participants in digital platforms, the areas of activity of each participant were indicated, described in Tables 5-7.

At the second stage of the study, the information obtained during the survey of experts was processed. The results of the study are presented in Fig. 5-7.

Thus, the development of relationships between the participants of the instrumental digital platform is influenced by the integration of all participants in the implementation of the following roles:

Thus, the development of relationships between participants on the infrastructure digital platform is influenced by the integration of all participants in the implementation of the following roles:

Thus, the development of relationships between participants on the applied digital platform is influenced by the integration of all participants in the implementation of the following roles:

Table 2

Customer relationship management strategies

Source: compiled by the author according to [Understanding business markets.., 1990; Sen, Sinha, 2011; Hilton et al., 2020].

StrategyCharacteristic
Market segmentationFormation of different groups (segments) to better meet the needs of business consumers [Sen, Sinha, 2011]
Choice of business consumersBusiness consumers can choose within three strategies [Understanding business markets.., 1990]: • focusing on a particular market; • definition of benefits provided for each segment; • the ratio of values for the client and the level of costs
Building a portfolio of relationshipsPreference is given to long-term strategic relationships with partners. In some cases, building short-term partnerships is possible [Hilton et al., 2020]

Table 1

Supplier relationship management strategies

Source: compiled by the author after [Kushch, Smirnova, 2007; Urazova, 2009; Kim, Choi, 2021; Shiralkar et al., 2022].

StrategyCharacteristic
Purchasing strategy developmentThis strategy assumes the centralisation of procurement, the development of procurement strategies for each product group, the formation of procurement quality strategies, the annual adjustment of the procurement strategy [Kushch, Smirnova, 2007; Shiralkar et al., 2022]
Supplier selectionSupplier selection and evaluation should include several steps [Urazova, 2009]: 1. Analysis of the range of purchased products 2. Determining the role of the supplier in the production processes 3. Determining the criteria for a good supplier in different categories 4. Supplier portfolio analysis and evaluation 5. Implementation of work with the supplier
Supplier developmentThe development of suppliers should be carried out primarily in two directions [Kushch, Smirnova, 2007]: • development aimed at strengthening the system of common values and goals with the supplier; • technological development
Communication process managementThe formation of a strategy for communication processes with a supplier should be carried out at the level of the company's top management and take into account short-term and long-term relationships with the supplier. In modern conditions of high uncertainty and turbulence, it is preferable to build strategic (long-term) relationships with the supplier [Kushch, Smirnova, 2007]
Cost managementCost management should include many aspects: supplier relationship management in terms of profitability, technology management, etc. [Kim, Choi, 2021]
Logistics managementSupply chain management can be carried out within various concepts - JIT, Kanban, etc. [Kim, Choi, 2021]
MonitoringSupplier relationships should be continuously monitored [Kim, Choi, 2021]

Table 3

Integrated models of relationship management between partner companies

Source: compiled by the author after [Hill et al., 2018; Chen, Bidanda, 2019; Goyal et al., 2019; Rossini et al., 2019; Goyal et al., 2020; Reusen, Stouthuysen, 2020; Wei et al., 2020].

ModelCharacteristic
CPFR (Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment)Management of intercompany interactions through strict regulation and sequence of execution of all business processes. At the same time, forecasting and planning of business processes is carried out jointly between partners [Hill et al., 2018; Reusen, Stouthuysen, 2020]
JIT (Just in Time)A logistics concept that allows just-in-time deliveries to be shared by all partners [Chen, Bidanda, 2019; Goyal et al., 2020]
TQM (Total Quality Management)The concept of total quality management, which is aimed at improving the quality of all organisational processes of partners [Goyal et al., 2019; Wei et al., 2020]
LP (Lean Production)The concept of lean production, which is aimed at eliminating waste of resources at all levels of production and involves production partners in this process [Rossini et al., 2019]

Table 4

Types of digital platforms

Source: compiled by the author based on [Digital Platforms.., 2018; Digital platforms, 2022].

TypeCharacteristics
Instrumental digital platformIt is based on a software or hardware-software complex (product) designed to create software or hardware-software solutions for applied purposes. Examples: Java, iOS, Microsoft Azure, Intel, SAP.HANA, etc.
Infrastructure digital platformIt is based on an ecosystem of participants in the informatisation market, the purpose of which is to accelerate the launch to the market and provide consumers in sectors of the economy with solutions to automate their activities (IT services) using end-to-end digital technologies for working with data and access to data sources implemented in the infrastructure of this ecosystems. Examples: PREDIX, ArcGIS, CoBrain, Era Glonass, Public Services, etc.
Applied digital platformA business model for providing the possibility of an algorithmic exchange of certain values between a significant number of independent market participants by conducting transactions in a single information environment, leading to a reduction in transaction costs through the use of digital technologies and changes in the division of labor system. Examples: Yandex.Taxi, Avito, avasales, Plato, Booking.com, Uber, etc.
Industry digital platformIt includes participants in business processes of specific industries: manufacturing, trading and service companies, their customers, as well as government regulatory services. In technological terms, industry digital platforms are information systems for accumulating, exchanging and managing data in a structured form, as well as for calling business functions with information systems of platform participants connected to it through technological interfaces.

Table 5

Mechanism of interaction of participants of the instrumental digital platform

Source: compiled by the author after [Kushch, Smirnova, 2007; Galagan, 2019; Digital marketplace.., 2022; Ratten, 2022; Xie et al., 2022].

Participants of instrumental digital platformMechanism of interaction / activities
Platform developers• Ensuring the creation of a single technological platform: it is planned to create a single set of technologies, a single digital platform architecture, ensure the integration of the digital platform roadmap and the integration of digital platform components • Ensuring the creation of a single functional scope: the creation and formation of transactional components, analytical components, industry components • Formation of product history: it is planned to form a long-term strategy for the development of the company, the formation of detailed documentation, ensuring the functioning of the technical support service • High level of performance: providing support for horisontal and vertical clustering, generating metrics for internal testing of the digital platform • Ensuring the effectiveness of the digital platform functioning: effective implementation of the digital platform in the activities of an industrial company, attracting consumers and customers to the company, ensuring high rating positions of industrial companies
Solution developers• Formation of solutions for instrumental digital platforms: development of business strategies, formation of the architecture of technical solutions, provision of technical support for business processes and digital products, implementation of end-to-end technologies, implementation of industry 4.0 technologies, ensuring IT infrastructure flexibility • Determining the needs of software product users, software and hardware solutions: conducting market research, market segmentation, building a portfolio of relationships, managing communication processes, training and developing users, ensuring continuous monitoring of relationships between participants in the instrumental digital platform • Forming a resource strategy: attracting resources for the smooth implementation of the company's business activities; ensuring sustainable competitive advantages through the formation and implementation of the resource strategy of an industrial company
Users• Forming a large amount of data in an instrumental digital platform: this direction involves the formation of a large pool of information for subsequent storage, aggregation and use of data for making management decisions • Storage and processing of a large amount of data: software and hardware solutions of the instrumental digital platform are aimed at implementing the storage and processing of the entire pool of information contained in the digital platform • Making managerial decisions based on the processing of a large amount of data: within the framework of this direction, it is supposed to make managerial decisions and form strategies for an industrial company

Fig. 1. Coordination of the relationship management processes of the participants of the instrumental digital platform

Source: compiled by the author according to [Digital Platforms.., 2018; Galagan, 2019; Ratten, 2022; Xie et al., 2022].

https://cdn.elpub.ru/assets/journals/ecr/2022/3/VpZ0a4PeUh9hMgnzM1cwzYC3LuiOYHG0jUN8QUGy.png

Table 6

Mechanism of interaction of participants of the infrastructure digital platform

Source: compiled by the author according to [Digital Platforms.., 2018; Galagan, 2019; Wagner et al., 2021; Choosing a Transformational Solution, 2022; Liu et al., 2022; Approaches to the definition.., no date].

Participants of the infrastructure digital platformMechanism of interaction / directions
Information supplierEnsuring the provision of information services for individuals and legal entities Provision of services for individuals and legal entities
Platform operatorManagement of communications with owners of information sources Data warehouse management of the digital platform Ensuring the functioning of business processes of a digital platform for developers of IT services Management of communications with the developer of infrastructure digital platform
Platform developerEnsuring the creation of a single technology platform: it is planned to create a single set of technologies, a single digital platform architecture, ensure the integration of the digital platform roadmap and the integration of digital platform components Ensuring the creation of a single functional coverage: the creation and formation of transactional components, analytical components, industry components Formation of product history: it is planned to form a long-term strategy for the development of the company, the formation of detailed documentation, ensuring the functioning of the technical support service High level of performance: providing support for horisontal and vertical clustering, generating metrics for internal testing of the digital platform Ensuring the effectiveness of the functioning of the digital platform: effective implementation of the digital platform in the activities of an industrial company, attracting consumers and customers to the company, ensuring high rating positions for industrial companies
IT service developersDevelopment of IT services to ensure the effective functioning of digital platforms Ensuring integration and consistency
IT service usersRequest for services provided within the applied digital platform Receiving services provided within the infrastructure digital platform Use of related IT services and digital platforms

Fig. 2. Coordination of the processes of managing the relationships of the participants of the infrastructure digital platform

Source: compiled by the author according to [Digital platforms.., 2018; Galagan, 2019; Wagner et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2022].

https://cdn.elpub.ru/assets/journals/ecr/2022/3/XQ7CmfpauneTQQjrOR21X1WRwBjKVCI86viwaW52.png

Table 7

Mechanism of interaction of participants of the applied digital platform

Source: compiled by the author according to [Stecken et al., 2019; Cozzolino et al., 2021; Approaches to the definition.., no date.].

Participants of the applied digital platformMechanism of interaction/directions
Suppliers of goods and servicesProviding all necessary information about goods and services Sale of goods and services
Platform operatorManagement of communications with owners of information sources Data warehouse management of the digital platform Ensuring the functioning of business processes of a digital platform for developers of IT services Managing communications with the developer of the applied digital platform
ConsumersRequest for goods and services provided within the applied digital platform Purchase of goods and services provided within the application platform Use of related IT services and digital platforms
RegulatorsEnsuring legal requirements Implementation of monitoring and regulation of economic activity

Fig. 3. Coordination of the relationship management processes of the participants of the applied digital platform

Source: compiled by the author according to [Digital Platforms.., 2018; Stecken et al., 2019; Cozzolino et al., 2021].

https://cdn.elpub.ru/assets/journals/ecr/2022/3/jjId2XxMHu4QHtGIGMM9ppbLPde8EZuANvxktB3U.png

Table 8

Description of the sample of industrial companies participating in the study

Source: compiled by the author.

IndustryNumber of companies in the sampleShare of companies in the sample (%)
Mining1011
Production of consumer goods1820
Chemical production1415
Manufacture of machinery and equipment, including electrical equipment910
Cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry1921
Other2123

Fig. 4. Levels of relationships between participants of digital platforms

Source: compiled by the author.

https://cdn.elpub.ru/assets/journals/ecr/2022/3/IesQoCZTKxx4Fl7ZLgGaeBZzbfwNvzg6LnwwFT1m.png

Table 9

The main directions of the mechanism of interaction of participants of digital platforms

Source: compiled by the author according to [Kushch, Smirnova, 2007; Silva et al., 2021].

Mechanism lineLine aspects
Social1. Cooperation 2. Flexibility 3. Willingness to adapt 4. Trust 5. Conflict management 6. Use of power
Managerial7. Relationship and communication planning 8. Distribution of responsibility between all participants of the digital platform 9. Information exchange 10. Relationship monitoring
Economic11. Relationship Costs 12. Costs of termination of relationship 13. Investments
Technological14. Product customisation 15. Technology adaptation 16. Adaptation of business processes

Fig. 5. The role of the participants of the instrumental digital platform in the development of their relationships

Source: compiled by the author.

https://cdn.elpub.ru/assets/journals/ecr/2022/3/CW2A9DUv484OdQYPx5C1kQfoDKpLcvvNcszrf1Ez.png

Fig. 6. The role of the participants of the infrastructure digital platform in the development of their relationships (% of respondents)

Source: compiled by the author.

https://cdn.elpub.ru/assets/journals/ecr/2022/3/EXJ3UJljTxnhLwEDBKw7wk6DqazgW5zFwC82cnn1.png

Fig. 7. The role of the participants of the applied digital platform in the development of their relationships

Source: compiled by the author.

https://cdn.elpub.ru/assets/journals/ecr/2022/3/4ZJcHf4JxtyXEm72vlkdO09RkkGCsuO0amr1tEkn.png

The article considers the features of the mechanisms on digital platforms of instrumental, infrastructure and applied types. Instrumental digital platforms allow to reduce the cost of developing software and hardware-software solutions. Infrastructural and applied digital platforms are aimed at reducing transaction costs. The work of instrumental digital platforms is based on the interaction of three groups of participants: platform developers, solution developers and users. The functioning of infrastructure digital platforms is based on the interaction of five groups of participants: platform developers, platform operator, information providers, users of IT services, developers of IT services. The work of applied digital platforms is based on the interaction of four groups of participants: suppliers of goods and services, the platform operator, consumers, and regulators. The proposed mechanisms for building digital platforms are aimed at:

In this work, a study was conducted to identify various aspects in the relationship between participants in digital platforms, which showed that the relationship between participants in digital platforms is at a high level in four areas: social, managerial, economic and technological. This was confirmed based on a survey of experts.

The author also conducted a study to determine the role of each participant in the development of their relationships within digital platforms of instrumental, infrastructure and applied types. Based on the results of participants’ roles study on the instrumental digital platform, it was revealed that for the development of their relationship it is important to ensure the integration of participants in the following areas: high level of productivity, ensuring the effectiveness of the functioning of the digital platform, ensuring the creation of a single technological platform, storage and processing of large amounts of data, formation of a resource strategy. According to the results of participants’ roles study on the infrastructure digital platform, for the development of their relationship, it is important to ensure the integration of participants in the following areas: ensuring the effectiveness of the digital platform functioning, high level of performance, ensuring the creation of a single technological platform; managing communications with the developer of the infrastructure digital platform, use of related IT services and digital platforms. The results of participants’ roles study on the applied digital platform showed that in order to develop their relationship, it is important to ensure the integration of participants in the following areas: ensuring the functioning of business processes of the digital platform for developers of IT services, sale of goods and services, request for goods and services provided within the applied digital platform, providing all the necessary information about goods and services, management of communications with the owners of information sources. Thus, the development of relationships between participants on digital platforms is influenced by the integration of all participants, which provides a synergetic effect.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.