managerial perspectives and effects of sustainable tourism from strategic management perspectives

industry. In recent years, the problem of inadequate concretization of the paradigm of sustainable tourism, its low operationalization and instrumentalization in the context of tourist systems management at various levels has become widely recognized. The publication focuses on the systematization of the perspectives and effects of sustainable tourism management with a major purpose of demonstrating their extremely wide practical importance in developing strategic managerial so-lutions in the tourism industry. The paper summarizes more than fifty basic specific issues (problems) of sustainable tourism, which it is expedient to systematize and structure in the context of strategic management of tourist systems. As a first discussion option, this publication proposes a classification-grouping of sustainable tourism management applications, structured around four groups of perspectives: 1. macroand meso-economic, 2. institutional, 3. socio-cultural and environmental, 4. microeco-nomic perspectives. As an important addition, the study suggests a generalization of the main effects in the field of sustainable tourism, which should be taken into account in the development of tourist systems. Further, some explanations are given regarding the specifics of some of the central and most problematic managerial aspects of sustainable tourism in the context of the Russian tourism and hospitality industry development. The publication also touches upon the issues of further incorporation of sustainable tourism's managerial applications into strategic decision-making, outlining the main promising scientific and practical areas. In addition, the article argues that through the sustainability paradigm unique advantages and high competitiveness of tourism systems can be achieved and ensured in the most accurate and precise way. rapidly, but the latter remained outside the focus of attention. On the other hand, according to the conglomeration of alternative types of tourism [Weaver D., 2014], which developed in the 1980s and 1990s, the main consumers must be conscious individuals who are attracted by alternative ecotourism and volunteer work. However, it is already clear that consumers of ecotourism will not rescue nor culture, neither ecosystem or local communities economic paradigm from the "asphalt roll" of mass tourism. The enlightenment of all those who are related to tourism in general gives better results than originally supposed skeptics. This applies both to the general socio-cultural awareness and to the consumer's daily behavior (for example, they are willing to pay for the service if the requirements of ecology are respected and the cultural authenticity of a place attractive to tourists is preserved) and business models of companies operating in the sphere of tourism, up to the application of " green «management. The descriptive approach, with the emphasis on the concept of sustainable tourism (in broad sense), is still prevailing. The crisis situation resulted in the fact that in the 1990s and 2000s a lot of publications came out, in which the authors attempted to understand what sustainable tourism was – an inclusive alternative to mass tourism or a marketing trick to attract responsible tourists with a broad outlook [Lansing P., De Vries P., 2007]. This kind of criticism is not quite adequate due to the fact that during the last decade sustainable tourism is perceived as a new model for the development of mass tourism, which does not involve confrontation with the common practice. This model provides some flexibility, attention to limitations in the use of resources and socio-cultural context. The generalization and classification of applied special problem areas and characteristic phe-nomena of sustainable tourism are useful for demonstration of a powerful arsenal that can be in-volved in the strategic management of the tourism industry. Managers, mediators, analysts and researchers of the tourism and hospitality industry will receive a focused management interpreta-tion of the main factors, typical problems of sustainable tourism effects development due to sys-tematization and classification. On the basis of the literature on these issues, typical problem situations, models and approaches related to ensuring the sustainability of development in the tourism and hospitality industry are identified and examined. The issues of management and the effects of sustainable tourism re-ceived conceptual coverage primarily in the Journal of Sustainable Tourism, the leading publica-tion not only in the field of responsible and sustainable tourism, but also in international tourism researches. There are many practical illustrative examples relating to management practices in different industries and different geographic areas in this journal. Tourism Management Journal focus on management issues in the tourism sector. These two publications contain about half of the proceedings relating to sustainable tourism management. managerial perspectives and effects of sustainable tourism from strategic manage-ment perspectives

In recent years, the problem of inadequate concretization of the paradigm of sustainable tourism, its low operationalization and instrumentalization in the context of tourist systems management at various levels has become widely recognized. The publication focuses on the systematization of the perspectives and effects of sustainable tourism management -with a major purpose of demonstrating their extremely wide practical importance in developing strategic managerial so-lutions in the tourism industry. The paper summarizes more than fifty basic specific issues (problems) of sustainable tourism, which it is expedient to systematize and structure in the context of strategic management of tourist systems. As a first discussion option, this publication proposes a classification-grouping of sustainable tourism management applications, structured around four groups of perspectives: 1. macro-and meso-economic, 2. institutional, 3. socio-cultural and environmental, 4. microeco-nomic perspectives. As an important addition, the study suggests a generalization of the main effects in the field of sustainable tourism, which should be taken into account in the development of tourist systems. Further, some explanations are given regarding the specifics of some of the central and most problematic managerial aspects of sustainable tourism in the context of the Russian tourism and hospitality industry development. The publication also touches upon the issues of further incorporation of sustainable tourism's managerial applications into strategic decision-making, outlining the main promising scientific and practical areas. In addition, the article argues that through the sustainability paradigm unique advantages and high competitiveness of tourism systems can be achieved and ensured in the most accurate and precise way.
rapidly, but the latter remained outside the focus of attention. On the other hand, according to the conglomeration of alternative types of tourism [Weaver D., 2014], which developed in the 1980s and 1990s, the main consumers must be conscious individuals who are attracted by alternative ecotourism and volunteer work. However, it is already clear that consumers of ecotourism will not rescue nor culture, neither ecosystem or local communities economic paradigm from the "asphalt roll" of mass tourism. The enlightenment of all those who are related to tourism in general gives better results than originally supposed skeptics. This applies both to the general socio-cultural awareness and to the consumer's daily behavior (for example, they are willing to pay for the service if the requirements of ecology are respected and the cultural authenticity of a place attractive to tourists is preserved) and business models of companies operating in the sphere of tourism, up to the application of " green «management.
The descriptive approach, with the emphasis on the concept of sustainable tourism (in broad sense), is still prevailing. The crisis situation resulted in the fact that in the 1990s and 2000s a lot of publications came out, in which the authors attempted to understand what sustainable tourism was -an inclusive alternative to mass tourism or a marketing trick to attract responsible tourists with a broad outlook [Lansing P., De Vries P., 2007]. This kind of criticism is not quite adequate due to the fact that during the last decade sustainable tourism is perceived as a new mod-el for the development of mass tourism, which does not involve confrontation with the common practice. This model provides some flexibility, attention to limitations in the use of resources and socio-cultural context.
The generalization and classification of applied special problem areas and characteristic phe-nomena of sustainable tourism are useful for demonstration of a powerful arsenal that can be in-volved in the strategic management of the tourism industry. Managers, mediators, analysts and researchers of the tourism and hospitality industry will receive a focused management interpreta-tion of the main factors, typical problems of sustainable tourism effects development due to sys-tematization and classification.
On the basis of the literature on these issues, typical problem situations, models and approaches related to ensuring the sustainability of development in the tourism and hospitality industry are identified and examined. The issues of management and the effects of sustainable tourism re-ceived conceptual coverage primarily in the Journal of Sustainable Tourism, the leading publica-tion not only in the field of responsible and sustainable tourism, but also in international tourism researches. There are many practical illustrative examples relating to management practices in different industries and different geographic areas in this journal. Tourism Management Journal focus on management issues in the tourism sector. These two publications contain about half of the proceedings relating to sustainable tourism management. managerial perspectives and effects of sustainable tourism from strategic manage-ment perspectives

IntrodUctIon
The generally acknowledged problem of inadequate concretization of the sustainable tourism paradigm, its low level of operationalization and instrumentalization in the context of managing tourism systems of various levels has become a widely recognized problem over the last years.
The concepts of "sustainable tourism", "responsible tourism" and "socially responsible tourism" are used as close synonyms in this paper. The concept of sustainable tourism can be considered a relatively well-established and recognizable common term, which is applicable to the general paradigm associated with the management of all economic, sociocultural and eco-system effects and the effects of tourism development (Fig. 1).
According to the concept of "enlightened mass tourism" by D. Weaver, [Weav-er D., 2012], in the early 2000s the dialectical consensus -the synthesis of the best that exists in the extreme concepts of the preceding periods began to develop. On the one hand, a traditional mass tourism of the 1960s-1970s, when regional economic development was at a high pace and also negative sociocultural, economic and environmental consequences increased equally

Management Paradigm Researchers' Focus Publication
Before 1995 General economic aspects of sustainable tourism (economic growth, employment in the industry, external effects), aspects of socio-cultural and ecosystem stability Ethical imperative. Rigid opposition of mass and alterna-tive tourism.
Sustainability of tourism development of the tourism industry: very weak, weak, strong, very strong. [Mitlin D., 1992] [May V., 1991] Resilience in terms of correlating an-thropocentrism and utility, on the one hand, and ecocentrism and antiglobalism, on the other.
Radical interpretations: from anthropocentrism and utility to bio-, eco-and cultural centrism, zero economic growth [Turner R. K, Pearce D. and Bateman I., 1994]

1995-2003
Transition to the stability paradigm flexible understanding The potential for successful integration of "sustainability" concept and tourism products.
Practices of sustainable tourism in places of mass tourism. Stakeholder models in a tourist destination. General understanding of the sustainability principles long-term relationship with the competitiveness of a destination, the beginning of determinants' systematization oof sustainability in tourism.
Recognition of the irreversibility of mass tourism and a digression from the principle of alternativeness Deepening in various aspects of competitiveness and sustainability. Successful commercialization of sustainability in business models. Public private partnership. Committees and commissions responsible for the sustainable development of tourism, at the councils for tourism and the development of territories, regional tourist communities, organizations involved in the marketing of territories. Further elaboration of policies in the sustainable development of tourism. In-depth study of sustainability indicators [Sustainable Tourism, 2013; Gamma K., Mai R., 2018] Table 1 The periodization of the research focus shift in the paradigm of sustainable tourism & decisions risk strategic management managerial perspectives and effects of sustainable tourism from strategic management perspectives the evolUtIon of reseArch trends In the fIeld of sUstAInAble toUrIsm development This paper deals with the periodization of the research focus shift in the paradigm of sus-tainable tourism, as well as the systematization of the main and additional effects in the man-agement of sustainable tourism with reference to the main literary sources are presented in Table. 1-3. According to the table 1, the research initially focused on ethical issues, educational issues and possible alternatives to mass tourism. Gradually, the sustainable tourism management issues became primary.

clAssIfIcAtIon of sUstAInAble toUrIsm mAnAgement problems
More than 50 basic private problems of sustainable tourism have been identified ( Table 2) on basis of literature review and practice of regulators in the field of tourism sustainable development at the national, regional and municipal levels. The attribution of some problems to a group may lead to a discussion. In some cases, the intersection is obvious in meaning, so the distribution is made according to the predominant attribute. The presented table does not claim completeness.

InterconnectIon of sUstAInAble development And competItIveness
Thanks to the sustainability and accountability paradigm, it is possible to find the unique ad-vantages of a specific place faster and more effectively in order to ensure its competitiveness in the tourism market. For the same purpose, it should be recognized that responsibility and sus-tainability are more productive assets than obligations. In such case, the sustainable tourism im-plies the existence of long-term competitive advantages, innovations, multiplicative effects, the uniqueness of the tourist offer, the innovative environment, and additional motivation for solvent consumers. It is only in recent times, the need for greater stability of development, the best varie-ty of tourism types, intra-industry and inter-industry synergy, consulting, professionalization of personnel, value systems of corporate culture, etc. was showed in professional books, while all this provides a concept of sustainable development. As a result, the positive outcomes must strengthen each other and themselves become more stable at the industry level as a whole (Fig. 2).So the more positive out-

Macro-and meso-level Microlevel Institutional Social, cultural and environmental
• multiplicative effect; • loss due to imperfec-tion of the structure; • cluster policy; • harmonious develop-ment of all sectors of the tourist sector; • development of related sectors; • export and import of the region in which the tourist destination is lo-cated; • the number of employ-ees in the industry; • regional inflation; • transformation on the territory for admission of tourists without damage to protected natural territories; • redevelopment of for-mer industrial territo-ries; • the development of tourism in peripheral, hard-to-reach, depres-sive and rural areas; • monitoring and indica-tors of sustainability; • tourist and providing infrastructure; • regional development; • green economics; • smoothing of seasonality

Selfish altruism
The consumer is willing to overpay for the environmental friendliness of tourist products, if he is better informed about this quality and perceives the product as more valuable to himself in terms of life quality.

Cultural integrity vs Social change (social progress)
The effect of the optimal balance between preserving cultural identity and social change in the context of sustainable tourism. Includes the concepts of "Limits of Acceptable Change", "Visitor Impact Management" (Visitor Impact Management). Definition of socio-cultural and economically expedient boundaries of culture appropriation and cultural heritage commercialization. [Liu Z., 2003] Tourism demand vs Tourism supply The effect of growing interest on the part of tourists and in the subsequent tourist flows due to the expansion of the tourist's offer even in the form of separate components (excursion, transport, etc.), but especially amenities and transport. Benefits of sustainable tourism development, total income minus economic costs and taking into account the full com-pensation of the "environmental footprint" and negative consequences in the socio-cultural plan.
Environmental footprint, measure of exposure to the human environment.  Table 3 The main effects in the sustainable tourism management come is expressed and the less negative outcome aspects from the standpoint of sustainable tourism, the more favorable its impact on competitiveness.

oUtcomes systemIzAtIon of sUstAInAble toUrIsm development
Well-structured and representative classification of multiplicative and synergistic outcomes of the regional recreational-tourist cluster was developed by Z. I. Sozieva [2009]. The fullness of the business environment development (self-organization and adaptation), operational synergy, investment synergism, network effects and diffusion of knowledge are especially important for the long-term sustainability of the tourist complex. This matrix is a very successful conceptual synthesis, but it is necessary to discuss the eoutcome and more concrete effects of sustainable tourism. The nature, mechanisms of action, the effectiveness of these outcomes are detailed in tourism researches of foreign scintists. We tried to systematize them in tabl. 3, 4. The effects are divided into basic, generally recognized, relevant to the sustainable development of the tourism industry, and additional, the interpretation of which can be different.
By no means all effects can be uniquely accepted, but they have a very important cognitive value and make the paradigm of sustainable tourism more acceptable to all stakeholders. It's no exaggeration to say that many of these effects are inspired by reflections, comparisons, arguments, debates and further research: both conceptual and situational. Recently, the efficiency of public-private partnership mechanisms in the tourism and hospitality indus-try, the role of state authorities of the RF subjects, local governments in the sphere of tourism, the pro-vision of additional guarantees to investors by regional and federal authorities, the use of regional budgets Issue 2. The goals of sustainable development are mentioned even less frequently in the re-gional programs and strategies of tourism development, projects of tourist and techno-economic clus-ters.he mention of the sustainability paradigm is extremely rare. There are no separate conceptual sec-tions devoted to the sustainability of development in the programs, strategies, and design documenta-tion of clusters. There are also no specialized organizational coordination structures (councils, com-missions, committees). Foreign best practices of regulatory practice at the level of councils on tourism and development of territories, regional tourist communities, organizations involved in the marketing of territories, companies acting as intermediaries between congress organizers and the city, where in the past five or seven years quite often appeared individual commissions and committees on sustainable tourism development in Russia, is not yet known. In fact, not even the principles and values of sus-tainable tourism are declared. The above mentioned disadvantages are noted with regard to the crea-tion of not only tourist clusters, but also autotourist clusters, where, obviously, there is a specificity of ensuring sustainable development.
Issue 3. There is no understanding of the possibilities of using the cultural context in the devel-opment of tourist areas. It would be useful for many regions and municipalities to develop models for integrating the cultural context while routing through territories, where tourist interest objects are re-moved from each other and there is no linking infrastructure. Such studies are relevant due to the fact that there is a need to create stable tourist flows to single objects of cultural and historical value, in those places where infrastructure is only beginning to develop and there are no secondary objects of display. The value of a productive culturological approach is in the development of the poor tourism territories infrastructure as a system-forming basis for the devel-

Table 4 Additional Effects Systematization in the sustainable tourism management
Russia are only now emerging. The number and quality of such research and workings in Russia, unfortunately, are still at a low level, and this seems to be the most important factor crippling the development of cultural and educational tourism.
Issue 4. The purposeful modeling of the attraction sites for activating flows to the regions of Russia is sometimes called "artificial motivation" [Agamirova E. V., Agamirova E. V., 2015]. The ex-perience of recent years has shown that that this is not only a key aspect of the tourism industry inno-vation, but also an important parameter of responsible and sustainable development of the territory, since tourist flows are projected according to the principles of distribution and diversification, do not cause social tension.
Redevelopment of urban industrial areas is a very actual special case of creation and / or addi-tion of artificial attraction, more precisely the search for optimal combinations of cultural-historical monuments and innovative interpretations and the formation of a city environment.
Creative clusters are a new type of public space, one of the most interesting and even in some ways the nodal themes of the development of sustainable tourism in Russia, which is so far underesti-mated [Fjerar V. A., 2016].The first art-clusters appeared in 2005-2010. The most vivid and significant example is the "Krasny Oktyabr " in Moscow. But only in recent years, art spaces have become perceived as promising places, which can be visited by both Russian and foreign tourists. This is especially true under conditions of general economic stagnation and saturation of the commercial real estate market.
Issue 5. Consulting in the field of tourism is at the inception stage and now it develops in the hotel business. At the same time, consulting is a very important factor in ensuring the long-term sus-tainability of the tourism and hospitality industry, as it usually appears at the stage of cluster develop-ment (when there is a need for professional expertise and business processes and a solvent demand for such services). Consulting is developed by professionals who are capable of strategic and conceptual counseling at the stage of business design, optimization of individual business processes within the framework of qualified service management services (PSOM) [Brandon-Jones A., Lewis M., Verma R et al., 2016], taking into account the specifics of tourism and hospitality.
prospects for stUdyIng sUstAInAble toUrIsm mAnAgement IssUes Systematization (see Table 4) demonstrates the need for a comprehensive and focused under-standing of sustainable tourism management as an extensive area of knowledge, skills related to the management of all varied economic, socio-cultural and ecosystem interrelationships, impacts and ef-fects of tourism development. As to the effects of sustainable tourism management (see Table 3, 4), this is also a very important aspect of the substantive consideration of management problems.The more specific effects will be noticed, formulated and studied in details by the analysts, researchers, media-tors and managers, the more interesting and informative would be this branch of managerial analysis in tourist researches from the perspective of practical refractions and operationalization for others. Ex-isting concepts and experience provide the basis for finding specific tools and solutions to the applied tasks of sustainable tourism in the context of strategic management of tourism systems different levels. The concept of sustainable tourism, which is being introduced to business models, to tourism industry planning and regulating practice, is not only a kind of ethical code, but a large matrix of managerial applications.The development of sustainable tourism will contribute to the stable work of the industry in the conditions of increasing incoming and inland tourism, improving organizational and methodo-logical approaches to the development of tourism systems in the future. In conclusion, we will mention promising areas for further development of sustainable tourism opportunities:: • Formation of stable competitive advantages and reduction of risks of unbalanced devel-opment of companies, cooperation of firms, creation of clusters and destinations. • Creation of policy documents on the tourism industry development strategy, inclusion of sections devoted to responsible and sustainable tourism, in national, regional and municipal tourism development programs. • Organizational and methodological support, for example, checklists for tourist systems of different levels according to goals and indicators of sustainable development. Incorporation of sustainable development indicators into industry statistics. Eco-Certification (certification for sustainable development), which in many ways solves the problem of unwillingness of con-sumers to pay for more expensive products that meet modern requirements.